Featured Functions

February 13, 2025About 14 min

Featured Functions

1. Downsampling Functions

1.1 `date_bin` Function

Description

The date_bin function is a scalar function that aligns timestamps to the start of specified time intervals. It is commonly used with the GROUP BY clause for downsampling.

Partial Intervals May Be Empty: Only timestamps that meet the conditions are aligned; missing intervals are not filled.
All Intervals Return Empty: If no data exists within the query range, the downsampling result is an empty set.

Sample Dataset: The example data page contains SQL statements for building table structures and inserting data. Download and execute these statements in the IoTDB CLI to import the data into IoTDB. You can use this data to test and execute the SQL statements in the examples and obtain the corresponding results.

Example 1: Hourly Average Temperature for Device 100

SELECT date_bin(1h, time) AS hour_time, avg(temperature) AS avg_temp
FROM table1
WHERE (time >= 2024-11-27 00:00:00  AND time <= 2024-11-30 00:00:00)
      AND device_id = '100'
GROUP BY 1;

Result

+-----------------------------+--------+
|                    hour_time|avg_temp|
+-----------------------------+--------+
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00|    90.0|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|    88.0|
+-----------------------------+--------+

Example 2: Hourly Average Temperature for Each Device

SELECT date_bin(1h, time) AS hour_time, device_id, avg(temperature) AS avg_temp
FROM table1
WHERE time >= 2024-11-27 00:00:00  AND time <= 2024-11-30 00:00:00
GROUP BY 1, device_id;

Result

+-----------------------------+---------+--------+
|                    hour_time|device_id|avg_temp|
+-----------------------------+---------+--------+
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    90.0|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    88.0|
|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|      101|    85.0|
|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|      101|    85.0|
+-----------------------------+---------+--------+

Example 3: Hourly Average Temperature for All Devices

SELECT date_bin(1h, time) AS hour_time, avg(temperature) AS avg_temp
  FROM table1
  WHERE time >= 2024-11-27 00:00:00  AND time <= 2024-11-30 00:00:00
  group by 1;

Result

+-----------------------------+--------+
|                    hour_time|avg_temp|
+-----------------------------+--------+
|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00|    90.0|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|    88.0|
+-----------------------------+--------+

1.2 `date_bin_gapfill` Function

Description:

The date_bin_gapfill function is an extension of date_bin that fills in missing time intervals, returning a complete time series.

Partial Intervals May Be Empty: Aligns timestamps for data that meets the conditions and fills in missing intervals.
All Intervals Return Empty: If no data exists within the query range, the result is an empty set.

Limitations:

The function must always be used with the GROUP BY clause. If used elsewhere, it behaves like date_bin without gap-filling.
A GROUP BY clause can contain only one instance of date_bin_gapfill. Multiple calls will result in an error.
The GAPFILL operation occurs after the HAVING clause and before the FILL clause.
The WHERE clause must include time filters in one of the following forms:
1. time >= XXX AND time <= XXX
2. time > XXX AND time < XXX
3. time BETWEEN XXX AND XXX
If additional time filters or conditions are used, an error is raised. Time conditions and other value filters must be connected using the AND operator.
If startTime and endTime cannot be inferred from the WHERE clause, an error is raised.

Usage Examples

Example 1: Fill Missing Intervals

SELECT date_bin_gapfill(1h, time) AS hour_time, avg(temperature) AS avg_temp
FROM table1
WHERE (time >= 2024-11-28 07:00:00  AND time <= 2024-11-28 16:00:00)
      AND device_id = '100'
GROUP BY 1;

Result

+-----------------------------+--------+
|                    hour_time|avg_temp|
+-----------------------------+--------+
|2024-11-28T07:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|    88.0|
|2024-11-28T12:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T13:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T14:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T15:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
|2024-11-28T16:00:00.000+08:00|    null|
+-----------------------------+--------+

Example 2: Fill Missing Intervals with Device Grouping

SELECT date_bin_gapfill(1h, time) AS hour_time, device_id, avg(temperature) AS avg_temp
FROM table1
WHERE time >= 2024-11-28 07:00:00  AND time <= 2024-11-28 16:00:00
GROUP BY 1, device_id;

Result

+-----------------------------+---------+--------+
|                    hour_time|device_id|avg_temp|
+-----------------------------+---------+--------+
|2024-11-28T07:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    85.0|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    88.0|
|2024-11-28T12:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T13:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T14:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T15:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
|2024-11-28T16:00:00.000+08:00|      100|    null|
+-----------------------------+---------+--------+

Example 3: Empty Result Set for No Data in Range

SELECT date_bin_gapfill(1h, time) AS hour_time, device_id, avg(temperature) AS avg_temp
FROM table1
WHERE time >= 2024-11-27 09:00:00  AND time <= 2024-11-27 14:00:00
GROUP BY 1, device_id;

Result

+---------+---------+--------+
|hour_time|device_id|avg_temp|
+---------+---------+--------+
+---------+---------+--------+

2. `DIFF` Function

2.1 Description:

The DIFF function calculates the difference between the current row and the previous row. For the first row, it returns NULL since there is no previous row.

2.2 Function Definition:

DIFF(numberic[, boolean]) -> Double

2.3 Parameters:

First Parameter (numeric):

Type: Must be numeric (INT32, INT64, FLOAT, DOUBLE).
Purpose: Specifies the column for which to calculate the difference.

Second Parameter (boolean, optional):

Type: Boolean (true or false).
Default: true.
Purpose:
- true: Ignores NULL values and uses the first non-NULL value for calculation. If no non-NULL value exists, returns NULL.
- false: Does not ignore NULL values. If the previous row is NULL, the result is NULL.

2.4 Notes:

In tree models, the second parameter must be specified as 'ignoreNull'='true' or 'ignoreNull'='false'.
In table models, simply use true or false. Using 'ignoreNull'='true' or 'ignoreNull'='false' in table models results in a string comparison and always evaluates to false.

2.5 Usage Examples

Example 1: Ignore NULL Values

SELECT time, DIFF(temperature) AS diff_temp
FROM table1
WHERE device_id = '100';

Result

+-----------------------------+---------+
|                         time|diff_temp|
+-----------------------------+---------+
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|     -5.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|      0.0|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|      3.0|
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|      2.0|
|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|      0.0|
+-----------------------------+---------+

Example 2: Do Not Ignore NULL Values

SELECT time, DIFF(temperature, false) AS diff_temp
FROM table1
WHERE device_id = '100';

Result

+-----------------------------+---------+
|                         time|diff_temp|
+-----------------------------+---------+
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|     -5.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|     null|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|      3.0|
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|      2.0|
|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|      0.0|
+-----------------------------+---------+

Example 3: Full Example

SELECT time, temperature, 
       DIFF(temperature) AS diff_temp_1,
       DIFF(temperature, false) AS diff_temp_2
FROM table1 
WHERE device_id = '100';

Result

+-----------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|                         time|temperature|diff_temp_1|diff_temp_2|
+-----------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|       null|       null|       null|
|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|       90.0|       null|       null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|       85.0|       -5.0|       -5.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|       null|       null|       null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|       85.0|        0.0|       null|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|       88.0|        3.0|        3.0|
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|       90.0|        2.0|        2.0|
|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|       90.0|        0.0|        0.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

3 Table-Valued Functions

The sample data is as follows:

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM bid;
+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                         time|stock_id|price|
+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Create table statement
CREATE TABLE bid(time TIMESTAMP TIME, stock_id STRING TAG, price FLOAT FIELD);
-- Insert data
INSERT INTO bid(time, stock_id, price) VALUES('2021-01-01T09:05:00','AAPL',100.0),('2021-01-01T09:06:00','TESL',200.0),('2021-01-01T09:07:00','AAPL',103.0),('2021-01-01T09:07:00','TESL',202.0),('2021-01-01T09:09:00','AAPL',102.0),('2021-01-01T09:15:00','TESL',195.0);

3.1 HOP

Function Description

The HOP function segments data into overlapping time windows for analysis, assigning each row to all windows that overlap with its timestamp. If windows overlap (when SLIDE < SIZE), data will be duplicated across multiple windows.

Function Definition

HOP(data, timecol, size, slide[, origin])

Parameter Description

Parameter	Type	Attributes	Description
DATA	Table	ROW SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH	Input table
TIMECOL	Scalar	String (default: 'time')	Time column
SIZE	Scalar	Long integer	Window size
SLIDE	Scalar	Long integer	Sliding step
ORIGIN	Scalar	Timestamp (default: Unix epoch)	First window start time

Returned Results

The HOP function returns:

window_start: Window start time (inclusive)
window_end: Window end time (exclusive)
Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA

Usage Example

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM HOP(DATA => bid,TIMECOL => 'time',SLIDE => 5m,SIZE => 10m);
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|                         time|stock_id|price|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:20:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:25:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY TIME when combined with GROUP BY
IoTDB> SELECT window_start, window_end, stock_id, avg(price) as avg FROM HOP(DATA => bid,TIMECOL => 'time',SLIDE => 5m,SIZE => 10m) GROUP BY window_start, window_end, stock_id;
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|stock_id|               avg|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:20:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:25:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|101.66666666666667|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|101.66666666666667|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+

3.2 SESSION

Function Description

The SESSION function groups data into sessions based on time intervals. It checks the time gap between consecutive rows—rows with gaps smaller than the threshold (GAP) are grouped into the current window, while larger gaps trigger a new window.

Function Definition

SESSION(data [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)] [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)], timecol, gap)

Parameter Description

Parameter	Type	Attributes	Description
DATA	Table	SET SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH	Input table with partition/sort keys
TIMECOL	Scalar	String (default: 'time')	Time column name
GAP	Scalar	Long integer	Session gap threshold

Returned Results

The SESSION function returns:

window_start: Time of the first row in the session
window_end: Time of the last row in the session
Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA

Usage Example

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM SESSION(DATA => bid PARTITION BY stock_id ORDER BY time,TIMECOL => 'time',GAP => 2m);
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|                         time|stock_id|price|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY SESSION when combined with GROUP BY
IoTDB> SELECT window_start, window_end, stock_id, avg(price) as avg FROM SESSION(DATA => bid PARTITION BY stock_id ORDER BY time,TIMECOL => 'time',GAP => 2m) GROUP BY window_start, window_end, stock_id;
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|stock_id|               avg|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|101.66666666666667|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+

3.3 VARIATION

Function Description

The VARIATION function groups data based on value differences. The first row becomes the baseline for the first window. Subsequent rows are compared to the baseline—if the difference is within the threshold (DELTA), they join the current window; otherwise, a new window starts with that row as the new baseline.

Function Definition

VARIATION(data [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)] [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)], col, delta)

Parameter Description

Parameter	Type	Attributes	Description
DATA	Table	SET SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH	Input table with partition/sort keys
COL	Scalar	String	Column for difference calculation
DELTA	Scalar	Float	Difference threshold

Returned Results

The VARIATION function returns:

window_index: Window identifier
Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA

Usage Example

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM VARIATION(DATA => bid PARTITION BY stock_id ORDER BY time,COL => 'price',DELTA => 2.0);
+------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|window_index|                         time|stock_id|price|
+------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|           0|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|           0|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|           1|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|           0|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|           1|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|           1|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
+------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY VARIATION when combined with GROUP BY
IoTDB> SELECT first(time) as window_start, last(time) as window_end, stock_id, avg(price) as avg FROM VARIATION(DATA => bid PARTITION BY stock_id ORDER BY time,COL => 'price', DELTA => 2.0) GROUP BY window_index, stock_id;
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|stock_id|  avg|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.5|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

3.4 CAPACITY

Function Description

The CAPACITY function groups data into fixed-size windows, where each window contains up to SIZE rows.

Function Definition

CAPACITY(data [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)] [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)], size)

Parameter Description

Parameter	Type	Attributes	Description
DATA	Table	SET SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH	Input table with partition/sort keys
SIZE	Scalar	Long integer	Window size (row count)

Returned Results

The CAPACITY function returns:

window_index: Window identifier
Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA

Usage Example

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM CAPACITY(DATA => bid PARTITION BY stock_id ORDER BY time, SIZE => 2);
+------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|window_index|                         time|stock_id|price|
+------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|           0|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|           0|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|           1|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|           0|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|           0|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|           1|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
+------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY COUNT when combined with GROUP BY
IoTDB> SELECT first(time) as start_time, last(time) as end_time, stock_id, avg(price) as avg FROM CAPACITY(DATA => bid PARTITION BY stock_id ORDER BY time, SIZE => 2) GROUP BY window_index, stock_id;
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                   start_time|                     end_time|stock_id|  avg|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|101.5|
|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

3.5 TUMBLE

Function Description

The TUMBLE function assigns each row to a non-overlapping, fixed-size time window based on a timestamp attribute.

Function Definition

TUMBLE(data, timecol, size[, origin])

Parameter Description

Parameter	Type	Attributes	Description
DATA	Table	ROW SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH	Input table
TIMECOL	Scalar	String (default: 'time')	Time column
SIZE	Scalar	Long integer (positive)	Window size
ORIGIN	Scalar	Timestamp (default: Unix epoch)	First window start time

Returned Results

The TUMBLE function returns:

window_start: Window start time (inclusive)
window_end: Window end time (exclusive)
Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA

Usage Example

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM TUMBLE( DATA => bid, TIMECOL => 'time', SIZE => 10m);
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|                         time|stock_id|price|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:20:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY TIME when combined with GROUP BY
IoTDB> SELECT window_start, window_end, stock_id, avg(price) as avg FROM TUMBLE(DATA => bid, TIMECOL => 'time', SIZE => 10m) GROUP BY window_start, window_end, stock_id;
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|stock_id|               avg|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:20:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|101.66666666666667|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+

3.6 CUMULATE

Function Description

The CUMULATE function creates expanding windows from an initial window, maintaining the same start time while incrementally extending the end time by STEP until reaching SIZE. Each window contains all elements within its range. For example, with a 1-hour STEP and 24-hour SIZE, daily windows would be: [00:00, 01:00), [00:00, 02:00), ..., [00:00, 24:00).

Function Definition

CUMULATE(data, timecol, size, step[, origin])

Parameter Description

Parameter	Type	Attributes	Description
DATA	Table	ROW SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH	Input table
TIMECOL	Scalar	String (default: 'time')	Time column
SIZE	Scalar	Long integer (positive)	Window size (must be an integer multiple of STEP)
STEP	Scalar	Long integer (positive)	Expansion step
ORIGIN	Scalar	Timestamp (default: Unix epoch)	First window start time

Note: An error Cumulative table function requires size must be an integral multiple of step occurs if SIZE is not divisible by STEP.

Returned Results

The CUMULATE function returns:

window_start: Window start time (inclusive)
window_end: Window end time (exclusive)
Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA

Usage Example

IoTDB> SELECT * FROM CUMULATE(DATA => bid,TIMECOL => 'time',STEP => 2m,SIZE => 10m);
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|                         time|stock_id|price|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:08:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    TESL|200.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:08:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    TESL|202.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:16:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:18:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:20:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:15:00.000+08:00|    TESL|195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:08:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:05:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:08:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:07:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|103.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:09:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|102.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+

-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY TIME when combined with GROUP BY
IoTDB> SELECT window_start, window_end, stock_id, avg(price) as avg FROM CUMULATE(DATA => bid,TIMECOL => 'time',STEP => 2m, SIZE => 10m) GROUP BY window_start, window_end, stock_id;
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|                 window_start|                   window_end|stock_id|               avg|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:08:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             201.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:16:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:18:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:20:00.000+08:00|    TESL|             195.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:06:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|             100.0|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:08:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|             101.5|
|2021-01-01T09:00:00.000+08:00|2021-01-01T09:10:00.000+08:00|    AAPL|101.66666666666667|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+