FROM & JOIN 子句
FROM & JOIN 子句
1 语法概览
FROM relation (',' relation)*
relation
: relation joinType JOIN relation joinCriteria
| aliasedRelation
;
joinType
: INNER?
| FULL OUTER?
;
joinCriteria
: ON booleanExpression
| USING '(' identifier (',' identifier)* ')'
;
aliasedRelation
: relationPrimary (AS? identifier columnAliases?)?
;
columnAliases
: '(' identifier (',' identifier)* ')'
;
relationPrimary
: qualifiedName #tableName
| '(' query ')' #subqueryRelation
| '(' relation ')' #parenthesizedRelation
;
qualifiedName
: identifier ('.' identifier)*
;
2 FROM 子句
FROM 子句指定了查询操作的数据源。在逻辑上,查询的执行从 FROM 子句开始。FROM 子句可以包含单个表、使用 JOIN 子句连接的多个表的组合,或者子查询中的另一个 SELECT 查询。
3 JOIN 子句
JOIN 用于将两个表基于某些条件连接起来,通常,连接条件是一个谓词,但也可以指定其他隐含的规则。
在当前版本的 IoTDB 中,支持内连接(Inner Join)和全外连接(Full Outer Join),并且连接条件只能是时间列的等值连接。
3.1 内连接(Inner Join)
INNER JOIN 表示内连接,其中 INNER 关键字可以省略。它返回两个表中满足连接条件的记录,舍弃不满足的记录,等同于两个表的交集。
3.1.1 显式指定连接条件(推荐)
显式连接需要使用 JOIN + ON 或 JOIN + USING 语法,在 ON 或 USING 关键字后指定连接条件。
SQL语法如下所示:
// 显式连接, 在ON关键字后指定连接条件或在Using关键字后指定连接列
SELECT selectExpr [, selectExpr] ... FROM <TABLE_NAME> [INNER] JOIN <TABLE_NAME> joinCriteria [WHERE whereCondition]
joinCriteria
: ON booleanExpression
| USING '(' identifier (',' identifier)* ')'
;
注意:USING 和 ON 的区别
USING 是显式连接条件的缩写语法,它接收一个用逗号分隔的字段名列表,这些字段必须是连接表共有的字段。例如,USING (time) 等效于 ON (t1.time = t2.time)。当使用 ON
关键字时,两个表中的 time
字段在逻辑上是区分的,分别表示为 t1.time
和 t2.time
。而当使用 USING
关键字时,逻辑上只会有一个 time
字段。而最终的查询结果取决于 SELECT
语句中指定的字段。
3.1.2 隐式指定连接条件
隐式连接不需要出现 JOIN、ON、USING 关键字,而是通过在 WHERE 子句中指定条件来实现表与表之间的连接。
SQL语法如下所示:
// 隐式连接, 在WHERE子句里指定连接条件
SELECT selectExpr [, selectExpr] ... FROM <TABLE_NAME> [, <TABLE_NAME>] ... [WHERE whereCondition]
3.2 外连接(Outer Join)
如果没有匹配的行,仍然可以通过指定外连接返回行。外连接可以是:
- LEFT(左侧表的所有行至少出现一次)
- RIGHT(右侧表的所有行至少出现一次)
- FULL(两个表的所有行至少出现一次)
在当前版本的 IoTDB 中,只支持 FULL [OUTER] JOIN,即全外连接,返回左表和右表连接后的所有记录。如果某个表中的记录没有与另一个表中的记录匹配,则会返回 NULL 值。FULL JOIN 只能使用显式连接方式。
4 示例数据
在示例数据页面中,包含了用于构建表结构和插入数据的SQL语句,下载并在IoTDB CLI中执行这些语句,即可将数据导入IoTDB,您可以使用这些数据来测试和执行示例中的SQL语句,并获得相应的结果。
4.1 From 示例
4.1.1 从单个表查询
示例 1:此查询将返回 table1
中的所有记录,并按时间排序。
SELECT * FROM table1 ORDER BY time;
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+------+-----------------------------+
| time|region|plant_id|device_id|model_id|maintenance|temperature|humidity|status| arrival_time|
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+------+-----------------------------+
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 100| A| 180| 90.0| 35.1| true|2024-11-26T13:37:34.000+08:00|
|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 100| A| 180| 90.0| 35.1| true|2024-11-26T13:38:25.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| 35.1| true|2024-11-27T16:37:01.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| 85.0| 35.3| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-27T16:37:03.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-27T16:37:04.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| 35.2| false| null|
|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| null| false| null|
|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| null| false|2024-11-27T16:37:08.000+08:00|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3001| 100| C| 90| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-28T08:00:09.000+08:00|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3001| 100| C| 90| null| 40.9| true| null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3001| 100| C| 90| 85.0| 35.2| null|2024-11-28T10:00:11.000+08:00|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3001| 100| C| 90| 88.0| 45.1| true|2024-11-28T11:00:12.000+08:00|
|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3001| 101| D| 360| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-29T10:00:13.000+08:00|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3002| 100| E| 180| null| 45.1| true| null|
|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3002| 100| E| 180| 90.0| 35.4| true|2024-11-29T18:30:15.000+08:00|
|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3002| 101| F| 360| 90.0| 35.2| true| null|
|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3002| 101| F| 360| 90.0| 34.8| true|2024-11-30T14:30:17.000+08:00|
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+------+-----------------------------+
Total line number = 18
It costs 0.085s
示例 2:此查询将返回 table1
中device
为101
的记录,并按时间排序。
SELECT * FROM table1 t1 where t1.device_id='101' order by time;
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+------+-----------------------------+
| time|region|plant_id|device_id|model_id|maintenance|temperature|humidity|status| arrival_time|
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+------+-----------------------------+
|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| 35.1| true|2024-11-27T16:37:01.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| 85.0| 35.3| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-27T16:37:03.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-27T16:37:04.000+08:00|
|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| 35.2| false| null|
|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| null| false| null|
|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00| 北京| 1001| 101| B| 180| null| null| false|2024-11-27T16:37:08.000+08:00|
|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3001| 101| D| 360| 85.0| null| null|2024-11-29T10:00:13.000+08:00|
|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3002| 101| F| 360| 90.0| 35.2| true| null|
|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00| 上海| 3002| 101| F| 360| 90.0| 34.8| true|2024-11-30T14:30:17.000+08:00|
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+------+-----------------------------+
Total line number = 10
It costs 0.061s
4.1.2 从子查询中查询
示例 1:此查询将返回 table1
中的记录总数。
SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM (SELECT * FROM table1);
查询结果:
+-----+
|count|
+-----+
| 18|
+-----+
Total line number = 1
It costs 0.072s
4.2 Join 示例
4.2.1 Inner Join
示例 1:显式连接
SELECT
t1.time,
t1.device_id as device1,
t1.temperature as temperature1,
t2.device_id as device2,
t2.temperature as temperature2
FROM
table1 t1 JOIN table2 t2
ON t1.time = t2.time
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
| time|device1|temperature1|device2|temperature2|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| 100| 90.0|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0| 100| 85.0|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null| 100| null|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
Total line number = 3
It costs 0.076s
示例 2:显式连接
SELECT time,
t1.device_id as device1,
t1.temperature as temperature1,
t2.device_id as device2,
t2.temperature as temperature2
FROM
table1 t1 JOIN table2 t2
USING(time)
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
| time|device1|temperature1|device2|temperature2|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| 100| 90.0|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0| 100| 85.0|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null| 100| null|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
Total line number = 3
It costs 0.081s
示例 3:隐式连接
SELECT t1.time,
t1.device_id as device1,
t1.temperature as temperature1,
t2.device_id as device2,
t2.temperature as temperature2
FROM
table1 t1, table2 t2
WHERE
t1.time=t2.time
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
| time|device1|temperature1|device2|temperature2|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| 100| 90.0|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0| 100| 85.0|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null| 100| null|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
Total line number = 3
It costs 0.082s
4.2.2 Outer Join
示例 1:显式连接
SELECT
t1.time as time1, t2.time as time2,
t1.device_id as device1,
t1.temperature as temperature1,
t2.device_id as device2,
t2.temperature as temperature2
FROM
table1 t1 FULL JOIN table2 t2
ON t1.time = t2.time
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
| time1| time2|device1|temperature1|device2|temperature2|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| 100| 90.0|
|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00| null| 100| 90.0| null| null|
| null|2024-11-27T00:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| 101| 85.0|
|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00| null| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00| null| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00| null| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00| null| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00| null| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00| null| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00| null| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0| 100| 85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null| 100| null| null| null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| null| 100| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| null| 100| 88.0| null| null|
| null|2024-11-29T00:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| 101| 85.0|
|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00| null| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null| 100| null|
|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00| null| 100| 90.0| null| null|
| null|2024-11-30T00:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| 101| 90.0|
|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00| null| 101| 90.0| null| null|
|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00| null| 101| 90.0| null| null|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
Total line number = 21
It costs 0.071s
示例 2:显式连接
SELECT
time,
t1.device_id as device1,
t1.temperature as temperature1,
t2.device_id as device2,
t2.temperature as temperature2
FROM
table1 t1 FULL JOIN table2 t2
USING(time)
查询结果:
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
| time|device1|temperature1|device2|temperature2|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| 100| 90.0|
|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T00:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| 101| 85.0|
|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00| 101| null| null| null|
|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0| 100| 85.0|
|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null| null| null|
|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 88.0| null| null|
|2024-11-29T00:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| 101| 85.0|
|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00| 101| 85.0| null| null|
|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null| 100| null|
|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0| null| null|
|2024-11-30T00:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| 101| 90.0|
|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00| 101| 90.0| null| null|
|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00| 101| 90.0| null| null|
+-----------------------------+-------+------------+-------+------------+
Total line number = 21
It costs 0.073s